This is a response* to the News Feature “The Turkish paradox: Can scientists thrive in a state of emergency?” (Nature 542, 286-288; 2017), which appeared in the scientific journal Nature.
First, I thank Alison Abbott (the author of the article)** for bringing the problems of Turkey and Turkish scientists to the fore. However, I have found some parts of this article to be factually insufficient. As a Turkish scientist working abroad, I contend that the country’s government is using its former political ally, the Gülen movement, as a scapegoat to cover up their own injustices and incompetence, and remain unaccountable.
It is obvious that this is a well-intentioned piece and the issue was covered due to concern for science and the safety of scientists in Turkey. But, some of the statements in the article require either a reference and/or that they state whose opinions they are. Just one example:
“TÜBİTAK had been deeply infiltrated by the religious organization known as the Gülen movement, which is believed to have orchestrated the coup attempt. Over the past few decades, these followers of exiled preacher Fethullah Gülen had established themselves in Turkey’s military, judiciary and government offices, as well as in universities.”
For me, the use of “infiltrating” and “believed to have orchestrated the coup attempt” are unfortunate. From what I’ve seen, the accused are ordinary Turkish citizens who happen variously to sympathise with none, little, some or most of Gülen’s teachings and – whatever you think of Gülen – have every right to work in any workplace in Turkey. Also “believed” means (at least should mean) nothing in the eyes of the law without concrete evidence.
There are other statements which I do not even want to get into:
“Scientists generally agree that removing Gülenists from the system was necessary, and not just because of the coup attempt. ”
Which scientists agree with this? How do you determine that someone is a “Gülenist”? Is sympathising with some of Gülen’s teaching/ideas a crime?
So, the main question here is: where/whom/what is the reliable sources for this article? The individuals who stated these views do not have any additional information other than what they are being exposed to on pro-government media outlets and unfortunately have acted as a mouthpiece for the government’s propaganda. Over eight months has passed since the “15 July coup attempt” (intentionally put in inverted commas, as what happened that day was too strange an event to be called an ordinary “coup attempt”), and sceptics like me are still waiting for an independent investigation*** into what went on that day and whom was really to blame. Consequently, we are also waiting for concrete evidence linking Gülen, and more importantly, the tens of thousands of people (including thousands of academics, journalists and judges; see http://turkeypurge.com/ for comprehensive figures) whom the government have unconstitutionally sacked and/or jailed, to the “coup attempt”. Additionally, Gülen has repeatedly denied the accusations and – whatever you think of Gülen and/or his followers – the burden of proof is on the accusers (i.e. the Turkish government and the President).
I’d like to bring some context to the story: the Gülen movement has/had millions of followers in Turkey (and in over 160 countries around the world) and is well-known to have an emphasis on education, inter-faith tolerance and dialogue. Before our President (Erdogan) started closing schools, ordering the burning of books and purging/jailing academics whom he labelled as Gülen-“FETÖ”-related (anyone who does not fully support him will be included under this term; it’s only a matter of time!), almost everyone (and I mean everyone; many seculars and the religious) in Turkey wanted their children to attend their schools as they were well-known for bringing the best out of them – academically and ethic/morally. It is then a statistical inevitability that these people will be over-represented in most settings. They did not ‘infiltrate’, but rather deserved to be where they were. Also for the same reasons, almost everyone in Turkey is at least vaguely associated with the Gülen movement (e.g. via a friend, colleague, child’s attendance to a “Gülen-inspired” tuition centre); sometimes without knowing, as many Gulen-inspired people did not declare it publicly. Therefore it is possible to indict/imprison anyone, including President Erdogan himself, if being associated with the movement was a crime. And that is exactly what the government is doing, except that this criteria is only being used against anyone who is a non-loyalist and with a bit of influence; hence the numbers, reaching almost a hundred thousand imprisoned and/or dismissed from their posts.
Needless to say, if some of them have committed crimes for the benefit of Gülen, themselves and/or the movement, (after due process) it should be those individuals who pay the price and not the whole group. However, so far it seems like President Erdogan is not interested in finding criminals, but rather acting in a revanchist manner and destroying anyone who poses a threat to his one-man rule – starting first with the big fish; and choosing the Gülen movement as a scapegoat for the coup attempt was a masterstroke, as many groups in Turkey will find it believable. If Gülen orchestrated this coup attempt, he would have betrayed everything he ever stood for for the last five decades or so and, more importantly, his followers who didn’t know anything about a coup attempt and definitely would not support such an abhorrent event – in fact there is clear evidence that this was the case as even soldiers/generals who were dismissed/imprisoned as “Gülenists” had not taken part in the coup attempt. These just didn’t make sense, and were the main reasons why I chose to wait for an independent investigation to learn the full story (which has not happened, causing me to think that the government are intentionally hiding the truth) – before I can denounce him. Still waiting…
Finally, unfortunately, many academics in Turkey (especially the silence of secular academics was disappointing to say the least!) have stood quite when innocent people/academics/journalists/lawyers/teachers were being jailed/sacked for laughable charges (e.g. for downloading an app called “Bylock”; having an account in a legal bank called “Bank Asya”, owned by a “Gülen-inspired” group; contributing to charities such as “Kimse Yok mu?” which are led mostly by “Gülen-inspired” people). Now it is their turn unfortunately and no one is left to defend them or let their voices be heard in Turkey – as “Gülen-inspired” media (e.g. Zaman, Samanyolu TV****, Bugün), before they were all closed down, had great influence and allowed representatives of different ideologies/political parties to voice their opinions in their channels/newspapers/journals.
Addition to post (25/03/17): Over the last week or so, there were important statements made by: (i) the chief of the BND (German national intelligence agency) Bruno Kahl and (ii) the chair of the (US) House Intel committee Devin Nunes, essentially proclaiming that there was no concrete evidence linking Gülen and/or the Gülen movement to the “coup attempt”. These were then followed by a comprehensive report by the (UK) Foreign Affairs Committee, making similar points. These are significant statements contradicting the Turkish government’s rhetoric, thus the best way to clear themselves of any accusations (e.g. of faking a coup and making the most of it to silence opposition) is to allow an independent organisation to carry out an investigation into what happened on the 15th of July and the preceding days.
*This piece is a longer version of the (~200 word) Correspondence I have sent to the editors – which they have gracefully accepted (titled: Listen to the accused Turkish scientists). For an enhanced pdf version of the article, click here.
**I also thank Celeste Biever (Chief news editor at Nature) for giving me the opportunity to write and publish a response
***To make matters even more suspicious for sceptics like me, a shambolic/tragicomical investigation was carried out by the “15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimini Araştırma Komisyonu” (a committee comprising of 15 Turkish MPs; 9 from AKP, 4 from CHP, 1 from MHP and 1 from HDP), which concluded without quizzing any of: (i) the Chief of the General Staff, Hulusi Akar, (ii) Director of Turkish Intelligence, Hakan Fidan, (iii) Zekai Aksakallı, the general who allegedly stopped the coup plotters (iv) the Prime Minister, Binali Yildırım, (v) the President, Recep Tayyip Erdogan – although, at least the former three, should have been the first ones to be interrogated.
****I have not even watched Samanyolu TV (or Samanyolu Haber TV, their news channel) once since ~2014 but I know, although there was clear bias for people with similar beliefs to them (i.e. religious, moderate, and sympathises with Gülen’s teaching), people from most ‘sides’ – if not all – were being welcomed on their shows. Zaman (newspaper) and Bugün TV were different though: They really did have people of all beliefs/political parties/ethnicities feature frequently on their columns/shows/programmes.
PS: I declare that I do not have any financial conflicts of interest. I also do not contribute to or attend any Gülen-related activities since 2016. I wrote to Nature as I thought it was my intellectual responsibility to provide my views on the matter. I saw that the Turkish government were getting away with murder by using the “FETÖ” card on everything and anything – and many people were buying into it because they were a very convenient scapegoat.
References:
Abbott A. 2017. The Turkish paradox: Can scientists thrive in a state of emergency? Nature. URL: https://www.nature.com/news/the-turkish-paradox-can-scientists-thrive-in-a-state-of-emergency-1.21475
Erzurumluoglu AM. 2017. Politics: Listen to accused Turkish scientists. Nature. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/543491c
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